What is the PCAT Exam (Pharmacy College Admission Test)?

The Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) is a standardized exam designed to assess the academic preparedness of prospective pharmacy students. It is commonly used by pharmacy schools in the United States to evaluate applicants' knowledge and skills in various areas relevant to the field of pharmacy.

The PCAT consists of multiple-choice questions in the following subject areas: Biology, Chemistry, Reading Comprehension, Quantitative Reasoning, and Writing. The test is typically administered once a year, and prospective students are encouraged to register well in advance to secure a testing date. Preparation for the PCAT involves thorough studying and practice using test prep materials and resources. By performing well on the PCAT, applicants can increase their chances of being admitted to the pharmacy program of their choice.

What Does PCAT Test You On?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized exam that assesses the academic preparedness of prospective pharmacy students. It tests knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Biology: General biology, cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and human anatomy and physiology.
• Chemistry: General chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
• Reading Comprehension: Reading and comprehending scientific and technical passages.
• Quantitative Reasoning: Solving problems using mathematics, including algebra, geometry, and statistics.
• Writing: Writing a persuasive essay on a topic related to pharmacy.

The PCAT is designed to evaluate applicants' foundational knowledge in these subjects, which are essential for success in pharmacy school and the pharmacy profession.

By preparing thoroughly for the PCAT using test prep materials and resources, prospective students can improve their scores and increase their chances of being admitted to the pharmacy program of their choice.

Why is the PCAT No Longer Required?

While the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is still required by many pharmacy schools in the United States, it is no longer a universal requirement. In recent years, some pharmacy schools have begun to move away from using the PCAT as a standardized measure of applicants' preparedness. This is due to several reasons:

• Increased emphasis on holistic admissions: Pharmacy schools are increasingly looking at applicants' overall qualifications, including their GPA, extracurricular activities, and personal statement, rather than relying solely on a standardized test score.
• Concerns about bias: Some studies have suggested that the PCAT may be biased against certain demographic groups, such as underrepresented minorities.
• Cost and accessibility: The PCAT can be expensive and time-consuming to prepare for, which can create a barrier for some applicants.

As a result of these factors, some pharmacy schools have made the PCAT optional or eliminated it as a requirement altogether. However, it is important to note that the PCAT is still widely used by many pharmacy schools, and prospective students should check with the specific schools they are applying to to determine their admission requirements.

Is the PCAT Test Hard?

The difficulty of the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) can vary depending on the individual's academic background and preparation. However, it is generally considered to be a challenging exam.

The PCAT covers a wide range of material in the areas of biology, chemistry, reading comprehension, quantitative reasoning, and writing. The test is designed to assess applicants' foundational knowledge in these subjects, which are essential for success in pharmacy school and the pharmacy profession.

Many prospective pharmacy students find the PCAT to be particularly challenging due to the time constraints and the high level of content knowledge required. The test is also known for its emphasis on critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

To improve their chances of success on the PCAT, prospective students are encouraged to begin preparing early and to use a variety of test prep materials and resources. By studying diligently and practicing regularly, students can increase their knowledge and skills and improve their overall scores.

Is The PCAT Harder Than the MCAT?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) and the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) are both standardized exams that are required for admission to professional schools in the United States. While both exams are challenging, the difficulty of each exam varies depending on the individual's academic background and preparation.

In general, the MCAT is considered to be a more difficult exam than the PCAT. The MCAT covers a broader range of material, including physics and psychology, and it requires a deeper understanding of scientific concepts.

The MCAT is also known for its challenging CARS (Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills) section, which tests students' ability to read and comprehend complex scientific passages.

However, some students may find the PCAT to be more difficult than the MCAT, depending on their individual strengths and weaknesses. The PCAT places a greater emphasis on memorization and recall of facts, while the MCAT requires more critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Ultimately, the difficulty of the PCAT and the MCAT is relative to the individual test taker. Prospective students should consider their academic background and strengths when preparing for either exam.

PCAT Test Requirements

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized exam that is required for admission to pharmacy schools in the United States. The PCAT assesses applicants' knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Biology: General biology, cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and human anatomy and physiology.
• Chemistry: General chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
• Reading Comprehension: Reading and comprehending scientific and technical passages.
• Quantitative Reasoning: Solving problems using mathematics, including algebra, geometry, and statistics.
• Writing: Writing a persuasive essay on a topic related to pharmacy.

In addition to these content areas, the PCAT also tests applicants' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The exam is typically administered once a year, and prospective students are encouraged to register well in advance to secure a testing date.

To prepare for the PCAT, prospective students should begin studying early and use a variety of test prep materials and resources. By studying diligently and practicing regularly, students can increase their knowledge and skills and improve their overall scores.

How Many Times Can You Take The PCAT Test?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) can be taken up to three times in a testing year, which runs from July 1st to June 30th. However, some pharmacy schools may have additional restrictions on the number of times an applicant can take the PCAT.

It is important to check with the specific pharmacy schools you are applying to to determine their policies on PCAT retakes. Some schools may require applicants to submit all of their PCAT scores, while others may only consider the highest score.

If you are planning to retake the PCAT, it is important to use your previous test results to identify areas where you need to improve. By studying diligently and practicing regularly, you can increase your knowledge and skills and improve your overall score.

Pharmacy College Admission Test Function

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized exam that is used by pharmacy schools in the United States to assess the academic preparedness of prospective pharmacy students. The PCAT is designed to evaluate applicants' knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Biology: General biology, cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and human anatomy and physiology.
• Chemistry: General chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
• Reading ComprehensionReading and comprehending scientific and technical passages.
• Quantitative Reasoning: Solving problems using mathematics, including algebra, geometry, and statistics.
• Writing: Writing a persuasive essay on a topic related to pharmacy.

The PCAT is a multiple-choice exam that is typically administered once a year. Prospective pharmacy students are encouraged to register for the PCAT well in advance to secure a testing date.

By performing well on the PCAT, prospective pharmacy students can increase their chances of being admitted to the pharmacy school of their choice.

Do All Pharmacy Schools Require the PCAT Test?

No, not all pharmacy schools require the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test). However, the PCAT is still widely used by many pharmacy schools in the United States to assess the academic preparedness of prospective pharmacy students.

Some pharmacy schools have begun to move away from using the PCAT as a standardized measure of applicants' preparedness. This is due to several reasons, including an increased emphasis on holistic admissions and concerns about bias in the exam. As a result, some pharmacy schools have made the

PCAT is optional or eliminated as a requirement altogether. However, it is important to note that the PCAT is still required by many pharmacy schools, and prospective students should check with the specific schools they are applying to to determine their admission requirements.

What Is A Good PCAT Score?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is scored on a scale of 200 to 600. The average score is around 400. A good PCAT score is one that is above the average and that is competitive for the pharmacy schools you are applying to.

The competitiveness of a PCAT score will vary depending on the specific pharmacy schools you are applying to. Some schools have higher average PCAT scores than others. It is important to research the average PCAT scores of the schools you are interested in to get an idea of what a competitive score would be.

In general, a PCAT score of 500 or higher is considered to be a good score. This score will make you a competitive applicant for most pharmacy schools.

Is A 3.6 GPA Good For Pharmacy School?

A 3.6 GPA is generally considered to be a strong GPA for pharmacy school. However, the competitiveness of pharmacy school admissions varies from year to year and from school to school. Some schools may have a higher average GPA for admitted students, while others may have a lower average GPA.

In addition to your GPA, pharmacy schools will also consider your PCAT score, which is a standardized test required for admission to pharmacy school. A high PCAT score can help to offset a lower GPA, and vice versa. You should also consider taking some test prep courses to help you improve your PCAT score.

Ultimately, the best way to determine whether your GPA is good enough for pharmacy school is to research the schools you are interested in and contact the admissions office to get more information.

What Subjects Are On the PCAT?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized test required for admission to pharmacy school in the United States. The test is designed to assess your knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Verbal Ability
• Biology
• Chemistry
• Reading Comprehension
• Quantitative Ability

The Verbal Ability section tests your ability to read and understand written text, as well as your vocabulary and grammar skills. The Biology section tests your knowledge of general biology, including cell biology, genetics, and human anatomy and physiology. The Chemistry section tests your knowledge of general chemistry, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. The Reading Comprehension section tests your ability to read and understand written text, as well as your ability to draw inferences from what you read. The Quantitative Ability section tests your ability to solve mathematical problems, including algebra, geometry, and statistics.

You can prepare for the PCAT by taking a test prep course, studying on your own, or using a combination of both methods. There are a number of different test prep courses available, both online and in person. You can also find a number of study materials online, including practice tests, flashcards, and study guides.

Does the PCAT Have Calculus?

No, the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) does not have calculus. The PCAT is a standardized test required for admission to pharmacy school in the United States, and it is designed to assess your knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Verbal Ability
• Biology
• Chemistry
• Reading Comprehension
• Quantitative Ability

The Quantitative Ability section of the PCAT tests your ability to solve mathematical problems, including algebra, geometry, and statistics. However, calculus is not a required topic for the PCAT, and you will not be tested on it.

If you are interested in pursuing a career in pharmacy, you should focus on preparing for the PCAT by studying the five content areas listed above. You can prepare for the PCAT by taking a test prep course, studying on your own, or using a combination of both methods.

Do You Need To Take The MCAT To Become A Pharmacist?

No, you do not need to take the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) to become a pharmacist. The MCAT is a standardized test required for admission to medical school in the United States, and it is designed to assess your knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
• Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems
• Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior
• Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized test required for admission to pharmacy school in the United States, and it is designed to assess your knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Verbal Ability
• Biology
• Chemistry
• Reading Comprehension
• Quantitative Ability

As you can see, the MCAT and PCAT are two different tests that are designed to assess different knowledge and skills. If you are interested in pursuing a career in pharmacy, you should focus on preparing for the PCAT.

What Test Do You Take To Get Into Pharmacy School?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is the standardized test that you need to take to get into pharmacy school in the United States. The PCAT is a computer-based test that is administered by the Pearson VUE testing service. The test is designed to assess your knowledge and skills in the following areas:

• Verbal Ability
• Biology
• Chemistry
• Reading Comprehension
• Quantitative Ability

The PCAT is a challenging test, but it is also an important one. Your PCAT score will be used by pharmacy schools to evaluate your application and make decisions about admissions. You can prepare for the PCAT by taking a test prep course, studying on your own, or using a combination of both methods.

If you are interested in pursuing a career in pharmacy, you should start preparing for the PCAT early. The sooner you start preparing, the better your chances of success.

PCAT Practice Test PDF Free From Dumpsarena

Dumpsarena provides free PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) practice tests in PDF format. These practice tests are a great way to prepare for the actual PCAT, as they cover all of the content areas that are tested on the exam. The practice tests are also timed, so you can get a feel for how long you will have to complete each section of the actual PCAT.

To download the free PCAT practice tests from Dumpsarena, simply visit their website and click on the "PCAT" tab. You will then be able to choose from a variety of practice tests, including full-length practice tests and practice tests for specific content areas. Once you have selected a practice test, you can download it in PDF format and begin studying.

Taking practice tests is an essential part of preparing for the PCAT. By taking practice tests, you can identify your strengths and weaknesses, and you can focus your studies on the areas where you need the most improvement. Dumpsarena's free PCAT practice tests are a great resource for preparing for the exam, and they can help you improve your score and increase your chances of admission to pharmacy school.

What You’ll Learn With the DumpsArena PCAT Exam Dumps - Pharmacy College Admission Test?

DumpsArena PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) exam dumps are a valuable resource for students preparing for the PCAT. These dumps contain a comprehensive collection of practice questions and answers that cover all of the content areas that are tested on the exam. By studying these dumps, you can improve your knowledge of the material and identify your strengths and weaknesses.

Some of the benefits of using DumpsArena PCAT exam dumps include:

• Improved knowledge of the material: The dumps cover all of the content areas that are tested on the PCAT, so you can be sure that you are studying the most important material.
• Identification of strengths and weaknesses: The dumps can help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses, so you can focus your studies on the areas where you need the most improvement.
• Increased confidence: Studying the dumps can help you to increase your confidence on test day. Knowing that you have prepared thoroughly will help you to relax and focus on doing your best.

If you are serious about preparing for the PCAT, then you should consider using DumpsArena exam dumps. These dumps are a valuable resource that can help you improve your score and increase your chances of admission to pharmacy school.

Why Choose This Test Prep Certification Pharmacy College Admission Test?

There are many reasons why you should choose this test prep certification for the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test). Here are a few of the most important benefits:

• Comprehensive coverage: This test prep certification covers all of the content areas that are tested on the PCAT, so you can be sure that you are studying the most important material.

• Expert instruction: This test prep certification is taught by experts who have years of experience preparing students for the PCAT. You can be sure that you are getting the best possible instruction.

• Proven results: This test prep certification has a proven track record of success. Students who have used this certification have significantly improved their PCAT scores and increased their chances of admission to pharmacy school.

If you are serious about preparing for the PCAT, then you should consider using this test prep certification. It is the best way to improve your score and increase your chances of admission to pharmacy school.

FAQs

What is the PCAT?

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is a standardized test that is required for admission to pharmacy school in the United States.

What is covered on the PCAT?

The PCAT covers the following content areas: Verbal Ability, Biology, Chemistry, Reading Comprehension, and Quantitative Ability.

How do I prepare for the PCAT?

There are a number of ways to prepare for the PCAT, including taking a test prep course, studying on your own, or using a combination of both methods.

What is a good score on the PCAT?

A good score on the PCAT is a score that is competitive for the pharmacy schools you are applying to. The average PCAT score for students who are admitted to pharmacy school is around the 70th percentile.

What is the Test Prep Certification for the PCAT?

The Test Prep Certification for the PCAT is a certification that is offered by a number of test prep companies. This certification indicates that the test prep company has met certain quality standards and that its courses have been shown to improve student scores on the PCAT.

Final Thoughts

The PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) is an important test for students interested in pursuing a career in pharmacy. A good score on the PCAT can increase your chances of admission to pharmacy school and help you secure scholarships and other financial aid.

If you are planning to take the PCAT, it is important to start preparing early. There are a number of ways to prepare for the PCAT, including taking a test prep course, studying on your own, or using a combination of both methods. No matter which method you choose, it is important to be consistent with your studies and to focus on the areas where you need the most improvement. With hard work and dedication, you can achieve a high score on the PCAT and increase your chances of admission to pharmacy school.

Pharmacy College Admission Test

Test Prep PCAT

Version Demo

Total Demo Questions: 15

Total Premium Questions: 282

Buy Premium PDF: https://dumpsarena.com/test-prep-dumps/pcat/

Topic Break Down

Topic No. of Questions

Topic 1, Biological Processes 79

Topic 2, Chemical Processes 76

Topic 3, Critical Reading 63

Topic 4, Quantitative Reasoning 64

Total 282

QUESTION NO: 1

In photosynthesis, high-energy electrons move through electron transport chains to produce ATP and NADPH. Which of the following provides the energy to create high-energy electrons?

A. O2

B. Light

C. Water

D. NADP+

E. NADH

Explanation:

Electrons trapped by the chlorophyll P680 molecule in photosystem II are energized by light. They are then transferred to electron acceptors in an electron transport chain.

QUESTION NO: 2

If a multivitamin supplement costs $n for 100 pills, how many pills can be bought for $10?

A. 10n

B. 1000n

C. 10/n

D. 1000/n

Explanation:

In this question, we can buy 100 pills for $n. We are asked to determine how many pills we can buy for $10. First, let’s determine how many pills can be bought for $1: we can purchase 100/n. Therefore, $10 would buy 10 times 100/n or 1000/n. Therefore, we can purchase 1000/n for $10.

QUESTION NO: 3

What effect would doubling the volume and temperature of an ideal gas have on its pressure?

A. double the pressure

B. half the pressure

C. make the pressure zero

D. no effect

Explanation:

The ideal gas law states: pV = NRT, where p is pressure, V is volume, N is the amount, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the gas’s temperature. Doubling the volume, V = 2V, and doubling the temperature, T = 2T, will have not alter the pressure because the 2’s on both sides of the equation will cancel, yielding the original pressure.

QUESTION NO: 4

When a population reach its carrying capacity?

A. The population size begins to decrease.

B. The population growth rate approaches zero.

C. Other populations will be forced out of the habitat.

D. Density-independent factors no longer play a role.

E. Density-dependent factors no longer play a role.

Explanation:

Within a habitat, there is a maximum number of individuals that can continue to thrive, known as the habitat’s carrying capacity. When the population size approaches this number, population growth will stop.

QUESTION NO: 5

What is the predominant source of progesterone after ovulation?

A. the oocyte

B. the ovary

C. the corpus callosum

D. the corpus luteum

Explanation:

Recall that the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation which occurs after the follicular phase. Progesterone saturation is highest during the luteal phase, and the corpus luteum is most responsible for this increased amount. The oocyte is an egg, which isn’t responsible for progesterone. The ovary is a source of progesterone, but not the primary source. And the corpus callosum is the point of juncture between the hemispheres of the brain.

QUESTION NO: 6

Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences.

According to the AHA’s 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a “man’s disease” has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women.

Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic.

According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%.

According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some “atypical” symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.

Throughout the passage, it is implied that which of the following will lead to fewer deaths resulting from CVD?

A. Finding a cure for CVD.

B. Raising awareness and understanding of CVD.

C. Teaching women about the consequences of CVD.

D. Educating men and women about heart attacks.

Explanation:

In the introductory paragraph, the author stresses the importance of raising awareness of CVD in the general public, presumably as a means of reducing the overall number of deaths resulting from CVD. This implication continues in the body paragraphs.

QUESTION NO: 7

Which of the following decompose disaccharides into monosaccharides?

A. salivary amylase

B. pancreatic enzymes

C. gastrin

D. brush border enzymes

Explanation:

Disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose, etc., are broken down further into monosaccharides (primarily glucose) in the small intestine by way of brush border enzymes lining microvilli of the small intestine.

QUESTION NO: 8

Lead – non-biodegradable, soft, malleable, as well as heat and corrosion resistant – is environmentally omnipresent. Its known properties make it an ideal metal for automobiles, paint, smelting, ceramics, and plastics. Not many years ago, it was also utilized in the toy industry. Unfortunately, lead is toxic to humans. Humans neither need lead nor derive benefits from it.

Although lead toxicity has been a global concern since the industrial revolution in the late 1800s, civilization has been unable to prevent or control it satisfactorily. Overall incidence of lead poisoning among American children has fallen from 4.4% in the early 1990s to 1.4% in 2004. In 2002, around 10 out of every 100,000 of adults had lead toxicity. Venous blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 mcg/dL and 25 mcg/dL were considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. But, since any level of lead can cause toxicity, the CDC announced a new, lower reference value for children in June 2012: 5 mcg/dL. Infants and children absorb a higher fraction of lead than adults do when exposed, increasing their vulnerability. Approximately 450,000 American children have BLLs >5 mcg/dL.

Consequently, lead poisoning is still a problem. Lead exposure can start with prenatal maternal-fetal transmission. Outside the womb, children may inhale (or eat) lead dust, often present in street debris, soil, and most frequently, aged house paint.

Lead-based paint was phased out in the 1970s, lowering, but not eliminating, the risk of exposure. Old pipes sometimes leach lead into drinking water. Lead hazards are disproportionately found in low-income housing. Adults rarely develop lead poisoning, but the risk is increased for industrial workers who use or manufacture lead-based products. Healthcare providers use many tests to identify lead poisoning. In addition to the BLL, a blood smear may show basophilic stippling ribosomal clusters. Increased urinary aminolaevulinic acid concentrations are also reliable indicators. Plain film radiographs can reveal visible lead lines in patients’ long bones. Astute clinicians sometimes diagnose lead poisoning after seeing a blue line along patients’ gums (Burton’s line) that forms when lead reacts with sulfur ions released by oral bacteria. Lead affects every organ system and causes an unpredictable variety of symptoms. The nervous system is most sensitive (centrally in children, peripherally in adults), but lead affects hematopoietic, hepatic, and renal systems, producing serious disorders. Acute lead poisoning’s classic symptoms include colic, encephalopathy, anemia, neuropathy, and Fanconi syndrome (abnormal glucose, phosphates, and amino acid excretion). Sometimes, classic signs and symptoms are absent, confusing the clinical picture.

What is NOT a test to detect lead poisoning?

A. aminolaevulinic

B. blood smear

C. BLL

D. radiographs

Explanation:

This is not the name of a test or a method for detecting lead poisoning. It may be a word from the passage, but it does not answer the specific question posed. The other answer choices are all mentioned as tests for detecting lead poisoning.

QUESTION NO: 9

Given the following reaction conditions, which statement is most accurate?

A. The reaction follows first-order kinetics and is a concerted reaction.

B. The reaction follows first-order kinetics and involves the formation of a carbocation.

C. The reaction follows second-order kinetics and is concerted.

D. The reaction follows second-order kinetics and involves the formation of a carbocation.

Explanation:

This substitution reaction shows chloride (Cl−) being replaced by hydroxide (OH−). Substitution reactions occur mainly via one of two mechanisms: SN1 (unimolecular kinetics and two steps with a carbocation intermediate) or SN2 (biomolecular kinetics and one step). In this situation, the mechanism isn't shown but can be inferred based on the reaction conditions.

First, the reactant with the carbons (the substrate) has a strong leaving group; the Cl− that detaches is relatively stable as an ion in solution by itself (think of how table salt, NaCl, can readily dissolve into Na+ and Cl− in water). Second, the substrate has primary substitution, meaning the carbon attached to the leaving group is only attached to one other carbon, which in turn means that there is little steric hindrance but also that the carbon doesn't have many other carbons to stabilize it if it were to gain a charge. Third, the other reactant, OH−, is a strong base and strong nucleophile, indicating that it can readily attack the substrate on its own. Finally, the solvent DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is polar aprotic so can stabilize the leaving group without deactivating the nucleophile. All of these factors point toward an SN2 reaction. Since an SN2 reaction is always concerted, occurring in one step without forming discrete intermediates.

QUESTION NO: 10

Which cells make up the insulated wrapping on axons?

A. Schwann cells

B. astrocytes

C. microglia

D. macrocytes

Explanation:

Axons are surrounded by insulating cells called Schwann cells. This insulation enables action potentials to travel rapidly throughout the nervous system.

QUESTION NO: 11

An electron pair donor is best classified as a:

A. strong acid

B. Bronsted-Lowry acid

C. Lewis acid

D. Lewis base

Explanation:

By definition, a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. A Lewis acid, on the other hand, is an electron pair acceptor.

QUESTION NO: 12

In which locations does this reaction occur?

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) –––––> Pyruvate

A. cytoplasm

B. nucleus

C. mitochondria

D. none of the above

Explanation:

The oxidation of G3P into pyruvate occurs during the glycolysis stage of cellular respiration. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

QUESTION NO: 13

If f(x) = 3x + 2, what is f−1(x) ?

A. 2x + 3

B. (x − 2) / 3

C. (3x − 2) / 3

D. −2/3

Explanation:

f(x) = y,y = 3x + 2 x = 3y + 2 (replacing x an y variables) x − 2 = 3y y = f−1(x) = (x – 2) / 3

QUESTION NO: 14

Why does the lactic acid pathway predominate in anaerobic respiration?

A. because the lactic acid can be made into oxygen when needed

B. because O2 is needed for the creation of NADH

C. because O2 is required for glycolysis

D. without O2 there is no electron acceptor for the ETC

Explanation:

Lactic acid fermentation, a method of anaerobic respiration, is relied upon to generate energy for cells in the absence of oxygen. However, because oxygen acts as the primary electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, the lactic acid pathway, lacking oxygen, contains no electron acceptor in the process.

QUESTION NO: 15

What results in extra or fewer chromosomes in a cell?

A. nondisjunction

B. double replication

C. double cytokinesis

D. epistasis

Explanation:

Nondisjunction is when chromosomes do NOT separate during anaphase. Consequently, the resulting cells display an unequal sharing of chromosomes, with some cells having too many, and others having too few.